آزاده کیاپور – برای اطمینان از موقعیت مسلط آمریکا و متحدانش در عرصه رقابت جهانی، تمرکز بر فناوری‌هایی که تاثیر گسترده و البته مزایای ناپیوسته دارند، ضروری است که در این میان ارزهای دیجیتال و فناوری بلاک‌چین، بازیگران کلیدی در این عرصه هستند.
سایت سایبراسکوپ در گزارشی نوشت: جوآن هیلد، معاون جامعه اطلاعاتی و راه‌حل‌های نرم‌افزاری وزارت دفاع در Chainalysis و سرهنگ دیوید همیلتون، مشاور بهره‌برداری تهدیدات مالی ارتش آمریکا، در یک میزگرد، به گروه خبری اسکوپ (scoop) پیوستند تا پرده از جرایم رمزنگاری توسط ایران و چین و برجسته‌سازی روندهای قابل توجه، چالش‌ها و خطرات مرتبط با ارزهای دیجیتال در این کشورها بردارند.
ایران و چین، بازیگران بزرگ استخراج بیت‌کوین هستند و هر دو از دسترسی به سیستم مالی جهانی بازمانده‌اند. بنابراین شاهد بسیاری از تحریم‌ها علیه این دو کشور هستیم.
به گفته هیلد، به‌ویژه ایران از ارز دیجیتال برای دور زدن سیستم‌های مالی استاندارد و ورود مستقیم به سیستم‌های مالی جهانی، علی‌رغم تحریم‌ها استفاده می‌کند.
تحقیقات Chainalysis نشان می‌دهد استخراج بیت‌کوین در ایران، در یک مقیاس شگفت‌آور و بزرگ در حال انجام است. از سال 2015 تا 2021، آنها دریافتند که استخراج بیت‌کوین بیش از 186 میلیون دلار به ایران، خدمات وارد کرده که بیشتر آن در سال 2021 بوده است.
تاثیر استخراج بیت‌کوین در مقیاس بزرگ بر اقتصاد ایران، قابل توجه بوده و منجر به رشد شغل و تزریق درآمد شده است.
همیلتون می‌گوید: «ایران یکی از معدود کشورهایی است که سیاست جامعی برای استفاده از رمزارز در تجارت بین‌المللی اجرا می‌کند که ارزش خروجی آن را افزایش می‌دهد. با این حال، نگرانی‌هایی وجود دارد که اگر کشورهای دیگر، بیت‌کوین را به عنوان جایگزین تحریم‌های ایالات متحده بپذیرند، ایران و سایر بازیگران ممکن است بدون محدودیت تحریم از افزایش تجارت سود ببرند.»
با این حال، هیلد مدعی شد: «بازیگران دولت-ملت تنها کسانی نیستند که از استخراج ارزهای دیجیتال برای افزایش قابلیت‌های پولشویی خود استفاده می‌کنند. ما اکنون می‌بینیم مجرمان سایبری سنتی همین کار را می‌کنند و بسیاری از اینها قابل حل است.»
اولین و مهم‌ترین راه‌حل برای استخرهای ماینینگ و سرویس‌های hashing، استفاده تهاجمی‌تر از ابزارهایی مانند Chainalysis برای بررسی منشأ وجوه کاربران و جلوگیری از رمزنگاری از آدرس‌های غیرقانونی است.
همچنین، این بحث به ارتباط بین قاچاق کریپتو و فنتانیل (Fentanyl) در چین می‌پردازد. (فنتانیل یک شبه‌مرفین بسیار قوی است که برای بیهوشی استفاده می‌شود و کاربرد اصلی آن به عنوان پیش‌دارو و آرام‌بخش پیش از بیهوشی در اتاق عمل است.)
همیلتون می‌گوید: «فنتانیل که در سراسر جهان در حال رشد است، یک نگرانی بزرگ در ایالات متحده محسوب می‌شود. چین یک تولیدکننده پیشرو در حوزه فنتانیل است که بازار ایالات متحده را تغذیه می‌کند و علی‌رغم مداخله اخیر حزب کمونیست چین (CCP)، جرایم سازمان‌یافته چین، همچنان تامین‌کننده شماره یک این ماده شیمیایی است.
بر اساس وبلاگ Chainalysis که حدود 30 میلیون تراکنش رمزنگاری مرتبط با آدرس‌های مشکوک به تولید فنتانیل را گزارش می‌کند، پیوند بین کریپتو و این ماده وجود دارد. همانند بیشتر موارد در حوزه دارو، پیگیری پول، تاکتیک بسیار مفیدی است و ممکن است در برخی اقدامات اجرایی نقش داشته باشد.
مهمانان این میزگرد، بر اهمیت ابزارهایی مانند Chainalysis برای ردیابی منشاء وجوه و رد معاملات غیرقانونی و نیاز دولت‌ها برای رسیدگی به چالش‌های گسترده‌تر مبارزه با فعالیت‌های غیرقانونی در فضای ارزهای دیجیتال تاکید کردند.
آنها معتقدند سازمان‌های مجری قانون و نهادهای نظارتی باید در حوزه آخرین روندها به‌روز باشند، استراتژی‌های خود را متناسب با آن تطبیق دهند، تحقیقات مستمر انجام دهند، با کارشناسان صنعت همکاری کنند، به طور مداوم آموزش دهند و بیاموزند تا آگاهی و درک افراد از فعالیت‌های غیرقانونی افزایش یابد.
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