آسیه فروردین – امیلیو ایزیلو در مقالهای برای سایت OODA لوپ نوشت: وقتی صحبت از قطعی اینترنت به میان میآید، توجه فورا به سمت حقوق بشر، سانسور عقاید مخالف، موضوعات سیاسی و تلاش برای کنترل اطلاعات متمرکز میشود. چنین تاکتیکهایی توسط برخی دولتها برای حفظ ثبات کشور و معمولا در زمان ناآرامیهای داخلی اجرا میشود.
- شیوههای خاموشی اینترنت توسط دولتها
با این حال، گزارشهای اخیر نشان میدهد خاموشی اینترنت به یک تاکتیک مکرر فزاینده توسط بیشتر از تعداد انگشتشمار در بین دولتها تبدیل شده است؛ یک روند نگرانکننده که نشان میدهد در فضای تهدید سایبری، اطلاعات نادرست، کمپینهای نفوذ و تبلیغات، خاموشی اینترنت میتواند به گزینهای برای کاهش تهدیدات و پیامدهای بالقوه برای دولتها درنظر گرفته شود.
بسته به اهدافی که دولت در مسند قدرت، به دنبال دستیابی به آن است، قطع شدن اینترنت، به معنای اختلالات کوتاه مدت یا بلندمدت هدفمند در دسترسی به اینترنت و ارتباطات دیجیتال است.
یکی از رایجترین مسیرها برای محدود کردن اینترنت، قطع کامل شبکه یا استفاده از کلید قطع اضطراری یا وادار کردن ارایهدهندگان خدمات اینترنت و اپراتورهای تلفنهمراه برای قطع مدارهای حیاتی شبکه مخابراتی کشور است. گزینه دیگر از طریق دستکاری پروتکل دروازه مرزی است. این پروتکل، یک فرایند دقیق برای ناپدید شدن برخی موجودیتها از اینترنت و غیرقابل دسترس بودن برای مردم یک کشور است. همچنین فیلترینگ نام دامنه و مسدودسازی آدرس IP، راههایی برای مسدود کردن دسترسی داخلی به سایتها و تنظیم نحوه دسترسی مخاطبان داخلی به دنیای خارج، از دیگر روشهاست.
- روند فزاینده قطعی اینترنت در سال 2022
طبق گزارش منتشرشده درباره هزینه قطع اینترنت، در سال 2022، تعداد 114 خاموشی عمده در 23 کشور رخ داد که این خاموشیها بر حدود 700 میلیون نفر تاثیر گذاشت (اگرچه منبع دیگری، این رقم را تا 4.2 میلیارد نفر اعلام کرده است.)
این امر، بیانگر افزایش 41 درصدی نسبت به سال قبل است.
یافتههای کلیدی نشان داد این خاموشیها، تقریبا 51 هزار ساعت قطعی اینترنت را شامل میشود که عمدا پهنای باند را برای کنترل ترافیک وب محدود میکند.
تاثیرگذارترین پلتفرمهای رسانههای اجتماعی، توییتر، اینستاگرام، فیسبوک، واتساپ و یوتیوب بودند که اتفاقا در سال 2022 نیز جزء محبوبترین رسانههای جهانی محسوب میشدند و بسیاری از مردم، اخبار سنتی و غیرسنتی را از این طریق، ایجاد، انتقال، دریافت و مصرف میکنند.
منابع کاتالیزورهای قطع اینترنت شامل درگیریهای منطقهای، اعتراضات داخلی، کودتاهای نظامی، کنترل اطلاعات عمومی، سرکوب سیاسی و… بوده اما چنین خاموشیهایی را میتوان به دلایل امور دفاعی نیز انجام داد.
هک، باجافزار و نقض دادهها، تنها برخی از راههایی هستند که بخشهای دولتی و خصوصی، برای کسب دادههای مالی و اطلاعاتی توسط بازیگران دولتی و غیردولتی مورد سوءاستفاده قرار گرفتهاند.
این امر برخی دولتها را وادار به آزمایش قطع ارتباط با اینترنت به عنوان ابزار محافظت از صنایع حیاتی کرد و باعث نگرانی درباره پیدایش یک اکوسیستم انشعابی شد که در آن دولتها، اینترنت را بر اساس برخی منافع شخصی از جمله فناوری، منافع سیاسی و اقتصادی و نه تنها محدود به ناسیونالیسم، تقسیمبندی کردهاند.
در این رابطه، روسیه کمی پس از تهاجم به اوکراین، یک آزمایش محدود در مارس 2022 انجام داد که احتمالا به دلیل پیشبینی حملات سایبری علیه این کشور انجام شد. با این وجود، واضح است حجم خاموشیها در سال قبل، زمانی رخ داد که تاکتیکهای اقتدارگرایانه برای جلوگیری از ابراز مخالفت و اشتراکگذاری اطلاعات بهکار گرفته شده بود.
- خسارت 42 میلیارد دلاری
چنین اقداماتی اما بیهزینه نیست و خسارت مالی به همراه دارد.
بر اساس این گزارش، از سال 2019، این خاموشیها حدود 42 میلیارد دلار برای اقتصاد جهانی هزینه داشته است.
در این رابطه، قطعیهای سال 2022، به تنهایی معادل 24 میلیارد دلار بوده که نسبت به سال 2021 افزایش 323 درصدی را نشان میدهد. خاورمیانه، آفریقای شمالی، آسیا، آفریقای جنوب صحرا و آمریکای شمالی به ترتیب بالاترین رتبهها را به خود اختصاص دادهاند. روسیه 21.5 میلیارد دلار، ایران 773 میلیون دلار و قزاقستان 410 میلیون دلار زیان دیدهاند.
سازمان ملل متوجه شد علیرغم دوره محدود برخی از این قطعیها، این تعطیلیها در دورههای زمانی طولانی نیز احساس میشوند که فقط مسائل اقتصادی را تشدید میکند و در برخی موارد، شرایطی ایجاد میکند که شرکتها برای انجام عملیات تجاری خود، بسته به نحوه تعطیلی، احساس محدودیت میکنند.
بنابراین چنین اقداماتی، نه تنها بر آنچه در فضای اطلاعاتی رخ میدهد، تاثیر میگذارد، بلکه پیامدهای اقتصادی گستردهای نیز دارد که فراتر از محدودیتهای دولتی دسترسی به اینترنت است. علیرغم مواجهه با قطعیهای جزئی یا کامل اینترنت، به نظر نمیرسد نشانهای از کاهش آن وجود داشته باشد.
- دموکراسیهای سانسورگرا!
اگرچه از کشورهای اقتدارگرا، میتوان این انتظار را داشت اما دولتهایی که دارای اصول دموکراتیک هستند، باید الگو باشند. این امر، همچنین مستلزم آن است که از مشارکت در فعالیتهایی که میتواند به سانسور گزینشی یا معادل یک قطع محدود، هرچند هدفمند منجر شود، خودداری کنند، زیرا اعتبار آنها را از بین میبرد.
با این همه، گزارشهای اخیر نشان میدهد حتی دموکراسیها نیز درگیر این موضوع هستند؛ چه به عنوان ابزاری برای مبارزه با اطلاعات نادرست یا سرکوب محتوای مشکوک که میتواند بر تصمیمگیری اجتماعی تاثیر بگذارد.
یکی از گزارشها نشان میدهد که هند، به عنوان بزرگترین دموکراسی جهان (با توجه به جمعیت آن)، بیشترین قطعی اینترنت را در سال 2021 داشته است. حتی ایالات متحده، یک مقام رسمی و چندین آژانس دارد که ادعا میشود این مقامات و آژانسها، در تلاش برای محدودسازی دسترسی عمومی به برخی اخبار، رسانههای اجتماعی را سانسور کردهاند.
- مسیرهای تغییر
این تصور، باید تغییر کند. با روند رو به جلو در زمینه خاموشی اینترنت، هرگونه کاهش خاموشی، مستلزم تلاش جهانی توسط بخشهای دولتی و خصوصی، برای مهار این عمل از طریق تعامل چندجانبه قوی در قالب نظارت، مستندسازی خاموشیها، هشدار فعالانه به مردم قبل از تعطیلیهای احتمالی و در نهایت، پاسخگو کردن دولتهای متخلف است.
سازمانهای بینالمللی مانند سازمان ملل، اتحادیه اروپا و گروه G7 ممکن است بهترین موقعیت را داشته باشند تا با ارایه کمکهای منطقهای و بینالمللی برای اتصال استارلینک و مبارزه با خاموشی اینترنت، مقاومت جهانی را در برابر قطع شدن آن (توسط دولتها) افزایش دهند.
در حوزه بخش خصوصی نیز، سازمانها تشویق میشوند تا استراتژیهای کاهشی را بررسی کنند که به آنها کمک میکند کاملا منزوی نشوند. مانند اینکه در هر طرح اضطراری، سازمانهای بخش خصوصی باید محیط منطقهای را که در آن قرار دارند، درک کنند تا در صورتی که قربانی قطع شدن اینترنت شوند، یک طرح تداوم قابل اجرا را توسعه دهند.
تجزیه و تحلیل تاثیرگذار به بخش خصوصی کمک میکند تا اطلاعات و عملکردهای حیاتی ماموریت را شناسایی کرده و ابزارهای جایگزین را برای حفظ عملیات تجاری، در زمان قطع شدن موقت اینترنت ایجاد کنند.
تمایل فزاینده دولتها برای اجرای نوعی از خاموشی اینترنت، هرچه بیشتر اجرا شود، به یک «امر عادی» دیجیتال تبدیل میشود.
برای رسانهای که منافع اجتماعی، اقتصادی، آموزشی و فرهنگی جهانی را فراهم میکند و شیوه تعامل افراد و بخشهای دولتی و خصوصی را با جهان اطراف، متحول کرده، اطمینان از انعطافپذیری و دسترسی آن ضروری است، وگرنه جامعه جهانی موافقت ضمنی خود را برای استفاده دولتها از آن، به عنوان ابزار سیاسی برای اجبار، مجازات و اهرم اعلام میکنند. لذا این، یک «هنجار» است که هرگز نباید مجاز باشد.
Hello my family member! I want to say that this article is amazing, nice written and include approximately all significant infos. I would like to peer more posts like this .
Great ?V I should definitely pronounce, impressed with your site. I had no trouble navigating through all tabs and related information ended up being truly easy to do to access. I recently found what I hoped for before you know it at all. Reasonably unusual. Is likely to appreciate it for those who add forums or something, website theme . a tones way for your customer to communicate. Nice task..
i�ini bu kadar iyi yapan bir siteye denk gelmek �ok g�zel. Tebrikler ve ba�ar�lar dilerim!
Because You is an online florist located in Klang Valley and Kuala Lumpur. We provide same day delivery florist service to a vast part of Klang Valley areas
great points altogether, you just gained a new reader. What would you suggest in regards to your post that you made some days ago? Any positive?
thx
Very interesting details you have noted, regards for putting up. “Jive Lady Just hang loose blood. She gonna handa your rebound on the med side.” by Airplane.
Thanks – Enjoyed this article, is there any way I can receive an email sent to me when you publish a fresh update?
Hi there! Someone in my Facebook group shared this website with us so I came to give it a look. I’m definitely loving the information. I’m bookmarking and will be tweeting this to my followers! Superb blog and outstanding style and design.
Hello there! This is kind of off topic but I need some help from an established blog. Is it very difficult to set up your own blog? I’m not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty quick. I’m thinking about making my own but I’m not sure where to start. Do you have any tips or suggestions? Thank you
Keep working ,impressive job!
Glad to be one of several visitants on this awful site : D.
What i do not understood is actually how you are not really much more well-liked than you may be now. You are very intelligent. You realize therefore considerably relating to this subject, produced me personally consider it from so many varied angles. Its like women and men aren’t fascinated unless it is one thing to do with Lady gaga! Your own stuffs outstanding. Always maintain it up!
Very interesting details you have noted, thankyou for putting up. “My work is a game, a very serious game.” by M. C. Escher.
thx
Heya i’m for the first time here. I came across this board and I find It truly useful & it helped me out a lot. I hope to give something back and aid others like you aided me.
wonderful post.Ne’er knew this, regards for letting me know.
This is the right blog for anyone who wants to find out about this topic. You realize so much its almost hard to argue with you (not that I actually would want…HaHa). You definitely put a new spin on a topic thats been written about for years. Great stuff, just great!
thx
thx
wonderful post, very informative. I wonder why the other specialists of this sector don’t notice this. You should continue your writing. I’m sure, you have a great readers’ base already!
thx
you have a great blog here! would you like to make some invite posts on my blog?
It¦s in point of fact a great and helpful piece of info. I am happy that you simply shared this useful info with us. Please keep us up to date like this. Thank you for sharing.
I am typically to blogging and i really recognize your content. The article has actually peaks my interest. I’m going to bookmark your site and preserve checking for brand new information.
Thank you a bunch for sharing this with all folks you actually recognize what you are speaking approximately! Bookmarked. Please also seek advice from my web site =). We could have a hyperlink trade agreement among us!
I am glad to be a visitor of this arrant weblog! , thanks for this rare information! .
Very interesting information!Perfect just what I was looking for! “Justice delayed is justice denied.” by William Gladstone.
As a Newbie, I am constantly searching online for articles that can aid me. Thank you
Rattling clean website , thanks for this post.
Nice post. I learn something more challenging on different blogs everyday. It will always be stimulating to read content from other writers and practice a little something from their store. I’d prefer to use some with the content on my blog whether you don’t mind. Natually I’ll give you a link on your web blog. Thanks for sharing.
Thanks , I’ve just been searching for information approximately this topic for a while and yours is the best I have found out till now. However, what in regards to the bottom line? Are you sure in regards to the source?
Hello, you used to write great, but the last few posts have been kinda boring?K I miss your great writings. Past several posts are just a little out of track! come on!
I truly wanted to send a simple message to be able to express gratitude to you for these fabulous ways you are sharing here. My time-consuming internet research has at the end of the day been paid with sensible facts to exchange with my family members. I would mention that we readers actually are really lucky to be in a fantastic network with so many lovely individuals with helpful tips and hints. I feel rather blessed to have discovered your site and look forward to some more brilliant times reading here. Thank you once more for all the details.
Wow! Thank you! I always needed to write on my blog something like that. Can I take a portion of your post to my blog?
I loved as much as you will receive carried out right here. The sketch is attractive, your authored subject matter stylish. nonetheless, you command get got an impatience over that you wish be delivering the following. unwell unquestionably come more formerly again since exactly the same nearly very often inside case you shield this increase.
BUY FAVORITE DISPOSABLE To buy your favorite disposable vapes, you can explore various online platforms and vape shops that offer a wide selection of popular disposable vape products favorites disposable thc, favorite dispo , favorite 2g disposable BUY FAVORITES 2G DISPOSABLE favorites 2 gram disposable , by favorites disposable , favorites carts disposable ,favorites disposable
Lovely just what I was searching for.Thanks to the author for taking his clock time on this one.
Wow, awesome blog format! How long have you ever been running a blog for? you make blogging look easy. The whole look of your web site is wonderful, as well as the content!
Hey there, You’ve performed an excellent job. I will definitely digg it and in my view recommend to my friends. I am confident they’ll be benefited from this website.
You are my inspiration, I have few web logs and infrequently run out from brand :). “No opera plot can be sensible, for people do not sing when they are feeling sensible.” by W. H. Auden.
There is obviously a bundle to identify about this. I suppose you made certain nice points in features also.
As I website owner I think the written content here is real excellent, regards for your efforts.
Good write-up, I¦m normal visitor of one¦s web site, maintain up the nice operate, and It is going to be a regular visitor for a long time.
Only wanna comment on few general things, The website design is perfect, the content is really excellent : D.
You made some clear points there. I looked on the internet for the topic and found most guys will approve with your blog.
Thanks for every other fantastic article. The place else may anybody get that type of information in such a perfect method of writing? I have a presentation next week, and I’m on the search for such information.
Some really nice stuff on this website , I like it.
Its like you read my thoughts! You appear to grasp so much approximately this, such as you wrote the ebook in it or something. I feel that you just can do with a few percent to drive the message home a little bit, but other than that, this is magnificent blog. A great read. I will certainly be back.
Hey! I’m at work browsing your blog from my new apple iphone! Just wanted to say I love reading your blog and look forward to all your posts! Carry on the outstanding work!
I’m not sure exactly why but this site is loading very slow for me. Is anyone else having this issue or is it a issue on my end? I’ll check back later on and see if the problem still exists.
Howdy! I just want to give an enormous thumbs up for the great info you have right here on this post. I will probably be coming again to your weblog for more soon.
I went over this internet site and I believe you have a lot of great information, saved to fav (:.
You are a very intelligent person!
Hi would you mind letting me know which hosting company you’re utilizing? I’ve loaded your blog in 3 different browsers and I must say this blog loads a lot quicker then most. Can you recommend a good web hosting provider at a fair price? Kudos, I appreciate it!
I am delighted that I detected this weblog, just the right information that I was searching for! .
I likewise think so , perfectly composed post! .
You are my aspiration, I own few web logs and rarely run out from to post .
I just could not depart your website prior to suggesting that I actually enjoyed the standard information a person provide for your visitors? Is gonna be back often in order to check up on new posts
The other day, while I was at work, my sister stole my iphone and tested to see if it can survive a thirty foot drop, just so she can be a youtube sensation. My apple ipad is now broken and she has 83 views. I know this is completely off topic but I had to share it with someone!
Hey There. I discovered your weblog the use of msn. That is a very well written article. I’ll be sure to bookmark it and come back to read more of your helpful info. Thank you for the post. I’ll certainly return.
I am constantly browsing online for posts that can help me. Thx!
It’s really a nice and useful piece of info. I’m glad that you shared this helpful info with us. Please keep us informed like this. Thanks for sharing.
We’re a group of volunteers and opening a new scheme in our community. Your web site offered us with useful info to paintings on. You have done an impressive task and our entire group shall be grateful to you.
Thank you for sharing superb informations. Your website is very cool. I’m impressed by the details that you’ve on this website. It reveals how nicely you understand this subject. Bookmarked this web page, will come back for extra articles. You, my pal, ROCK! I found simply the information I already searched all over the place and simply couldn’t come across. What a great website.
I have recently started a website, the info you offer on this site has helped me greatly. Thank you for all of your time & work.
I will right away grasp your rss feed as I can not find your email subscription hyperlink or e-newsletter service. Do you’ve any? Kindly let me recognise in order that I could subscribe. Thanks.
Keep functioning ,impressive job!
I have been absent for some time, but now I remember why I used to love this site. Thanks , I will try and check back more frequently. How frequently you update your web site?
I truly appreciate your work, Great post.
Its superb as your other posts : D, thanks for posting.
Hello! Someone in my Facebook group shared this website with us so I came to take a look. I’m definitely loving the information. I’m bookmarking and will be tweeting this to my followers! Fantastic blog and excellent design.
This is a very good tips especially to those new to blogosphere, brief and accurate information… Thanks for sharing this one. A must read article.
At this time it seems like BlogEngine is the preferred blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
This web site is really a walk-through for all of the info you wanted about this and didn’t know who to ask. Glimpse here, and you’ll definitely discover it.
I am impressed with this web site, rattling I am a fan.
Heya i’m for the first time here. I found this board and I in finding It truly helpful & it helped me out a lot. I am hoping to present one thing back and aid others such as you aided me.
I got good info from your blog
I am continuously invstigating online for tips that can benefit me. Thanks!
you’re actually a excellent webmaster. The site loading pace is incredible. It sort of feels that you’re doing any unique trick. Furthermore, The contents are masterwork. you’ve done a fantastic activity in this subject!
But wanna remark on few general things, The website design is perfect, the subject matter is very superb. “Good judgment comes from experience, and experience comes from bad judgment.” by Barry LePatner.
I just could not go away your site prior to suggesting that I really enjoyed the standard info a person provide in your visitors? Is going to be back incessantly to investigate cross-check new posts
Absolutely indited content, appreciate it for entropy.
Its such as you learn my mind! You seem to grasp so much approximately this, such as you wrote the ebook in it or something. I feel that you just can do with some percent to force the message home a little bit, but other than that, that is wonderful blog. A great read. I will definitely be back.
I’m no longer sure where you’re getting your info, however great topic. I needs to spend some time learning much more or understanding more. Thank you for excellent information I was on the lookout for this information for my mission.
It is in point of fact a nice and useful piece of information. I?¦m glad that you simply shared this helpful info with us. Please stay us informed like this. Thanks for sharing.
It?¦s really a cool and useful piece of info. I?¦m satisfied that you just shared this useful information with us. Please stay us up to date like this. Thanks for sharing.
Excellent blog! Do you have any recommendations for aspiring writers? I’m hoping to start my own website soon but I’m a little lost on everything. Would you propose starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for a paid option? There are so many options out there that I’m completely confused .. Any tips? Kudos!
Very efficiently written story. It will be supportive to anyone who employess it, including me. Keep doing what you are doing – can’r wait to read more posts.
Wow! Thank you! I continuously needed to write on my blog something like that. Can I implement a part of your post to my site?
Hello there, I found your web site by way of Google while searching for a comparable topic, your web site came up, it appears to be like great. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.
Hiya, I’m really glad I have found this info. Today bloggers publish just about gossips and internet and this is really annoying. A good website with exciting content, that is what I need. Thanks for keeping this web-site, I will be visiting it. Do you do newsletters? Can’t find it.