آسیه فروردین – بر اساس تحقیقات جدید وب‌سایت سرف‌شارک (Surfshark)، از بزرگ‌ترین فروشندگان وی.پی.ان جهان، حدود نیمی از جمعیت دنیا در سال 2022، به خاطر انگیزه‌های سیاسی، دچار قطعی اینترنت شدند. در این رابطه، 19 کشور در سال گذشته میلادی، محدودیت‌های جدیدی را برای استفاده شهروندان خود از وب اعمال کردند و مجموع کشورهایی که درگیر چنین اقدامات محدودکننده‌ای بودند، در نهایت، به 32 کشور رسید.
طبق گزارش Surfshark، برخی دولت‌ها برای حفظ حاکمیت خود، مهار ناآرامی‌های مدنی، مخالفت با احزاب سیاسی، آزادی بیان و نگرانی‌های اجتماعی- اقتصادی در حال ظهور، به اختلالات اینترنت و رسانه‌های اجتماعی روی آورده‌اند. طبق ادعای سرف‌شارک، روسیه، ایران و هند، به دلیل تلاش برای امنیتی کردن تولید محتوا و پوشش رسانه‌های بین‌المللی، به عنوان سرشناس‌ترین کشورهای محدودکننده محسوب می‌شوند.
البته روسیه به خاطر حمله به اوکراین و ممنوعیت‌هایش در قبال فیس‌بوک و توییتر، که بسیاری آن را تلاش برای حمایت از جنگ با سرکوب مخالفان می‌دانند، بیشترین توجه را به خود جلب کرد.
در هند، این ممنوعیت در واکنش به اعتراضات در ایالت بیهار علیه سیاست بحث‌برانگیز درباره استخدام ارتش اعمال شد که بر اساس آن، حقوق و سایر مزایای آن کاهش یافت.
درباره ایران، اقدامات محدودکننده اینترنت، پس از مرگ مهسا امینی شکل گرفت که اعتراضات عمومی را برانگیخت.
وب‌سایتSurfshark ، در مجموع، 112 اقدام مرتبط با ممنوعیت اینترنت را در سراسر جهان ردیابی کرد که تنها حدود یک‌چهارم آنها قبل از سال 2022 فعال بودند.
این خبر بد مبنی بر اینکه نرخ محدودیت‌های آزادی اینترنت رو به رشد است، احتمالا با مشاهده سرف‌شارک، مبنی بر اینکه در سال گذشته، 40 درصد کمتر از 2021، ممنوعیت‌های جدید اعمال شده، در تضاد است.
با این حال، 78 مورد ممنوعیت جدید در سال 2022، حدود 2.3 میلیارد نفر را تحت‌تاثیر قرار داد و مجموع جمعیت جهان را در حوزه محدودیت استفاده از اینترنت به 4.2 میلیارد نفر رساند. جمعیت جهان با اعلام سازمان ملل در نوامبر، به 8 میلیارد نفر رسید.
از نظر مناطق، آسیا در حوزه اعمال محدودیت اینترنت در سال گذشته، در صدر قرار دارد. در سال 2022، تعداد 11 کشور و در سال 2021، بیش از 13 کشور در بالاترین رتبه از نظر محدودسازی وب قرار داشتند. البته برخی قاره‌ها بیش از سایرین، دارای کشور هستند.
با این وجود، اروپا با 44 کشور و تنها یک کشور ممنوعه، نسبت به آسیا با 48 کشور، بهتر ظاهر شد.
این بدان معناست که در سال گذشته، بیش از دو درصد کشورهای اروپایی، اینترنت را ممنوع کرده‌اند، در حالی که این نسبت در آسیا، 23 درصد بوده و دسترسی آنلاین را محدود کرده‌اند.
بر اساس گزارش سرف‌شارک، اختلالات اینترنت را می‌توان به سه دسته مجزا، شامل رسانه‌های اجتماعی، محلی و ملی تقسیم کرد. دولت‌ها ممکن است پلتفرم‌های رسانه‌های اجتماعی خاص را در کشور مختل کنند تا از انتشار اطلاعات جلوگیری کنند.
اختلالات اینترنتی محلی، می‌تواند برای جلوگیری از گسترش اعتراض‌ها، تجمع‌ها یا موارد مشابه به کل کشور اعمال شود. اختلالات اینترنت ملی، سخت‌ترین و از نظر اقتصادی، مخرب‌ترین شکل سانسور است و معمولا برای مقابله با اعتراضات اعمال می‌شود.
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